Cancer Cell Therapy Markets --- Aarkstore Enterprise

Traditionally, treatment of disease is carried out by small molecules that target specific cell types. In diseases such as cancer, the treatment is meant to kill cancer cells, leading to the removal or at least the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. In other circumstances, a variety of therapeutic molecules have been utilized lead the disease cells to perform a specific function that they normally do not. These include small molecules, peptides, proteins, antibodies, anti-sense RNAs and ribozymes. In the case of cell therapy, as the name indicates, treatment is carried out with cells instead of small molecules. In cell therapy, cells are given to the patient as the therapeutic delivery system for a specific disease to achieve therapeutic benefit. The purpose of this Publications report is to describe the market segment of the cell therapy market aimed specifically at cancer therapy. Moreover, a review of cellular agents that are related to the chemical and cellular constituents of blood or other tissues for cancer care of the patient is addressed in this study. The two most important areas where such agents are used are in the hospital and the clinic. Emphasis is on those companies and products that are actively developing and marketing cell therapeutic agents and supplies for treating cancer patients




Table of Contents :


1. Overview 6
1.1 About this Report 6
1.2 Scope of the Report 7
1.3 Objectives 7
1.4 Methodology 7
1.5 Executive Summary 8

2. Biology of Cellular Therapy for Cancer: Different Cell Types Deployed and Disease Areas Addressed 11
2.1 Components of the Hematopoietic System that can be Leveraged for Cancer Cellular Therapy 11
2.1.1 Dendritic Cells 11
2.1.2 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) 12
2.1.3 Natural Killer (NK) Cells 13
2.1.4 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) also known as Lymphokine-activated Killers (LAKs) 15
2.1.5 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) 16
2.2 Adult Stem Cell-based Therapies (ASCs) 18
2.3 Stem Cell-based Cellular Therapies 21
2.3.1 Effectiveness in Transplants of Peripheral Versus Bone Marrow Stem Cells 22
2.3.2 What do HSCs do and what Factors are Involved in these Activities? 22
2.3.3 Self-renewal of HSCs 22
2.3.4 Differentiation of HSCs into Components of the Blood and Immune System 23
2.3.5 Migration of HSCs Into and Out of Marrow and Tissues 23
2.3.6 Apoptosis and Regulation of HSC Populations 23
2.4 Clinical Uses of HSC 24
2.4.1 Leukemia and Lymphoma 24
2.4.2 Inherited Blood Disorders 24
2.4.3 HSC Rescue in Cancer Chemotherapy 25
2.4.4 Graft-Versus-Tumor Treatment of Cancer 25
2.4.5 Other Clinical Applications of HSCs 25
2.5 What are the Challenges and Barriers to the Development of New and Improved Treatments Using HSCs? 26
2.5.1 Boosting the Numbers of HSCs 26
2.5.2 The Immune System in Host, Graft and Pathogen Attacks 26
2.5.3 Understanding the Differentiating Environment and Developmental Plasticity 27
2.6 Cancer Stem Cells 27
2.6.1 The Microenvironment 28
2.6.2 3-D Cultures and Spheres 29
2.6.3 Targeted Therapies 29
2.7 Cellular Immunotherapy with DCs in Cancer 29
2.7.1 Routes of DC Delivery 31
2.7.1.1 Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines and DC Therapy 32
2.7.1.2 The Use of DCs for Cancer Vaccination 35
2.7.2 Immune Response to Vaccination 39
2.7.3 Clinical Studies with DCs 41
2.7.4 Future of DC Therapy for Cancer 42
2.8 Tumor Immunotherapy Using DCs Pulsed with Tumor-derived Peptides 43
2.9 Recent Advances on the Use of Stem Cells in Cancer Therapies 44
2.10 Growth Factor Signaling Inhibitors 45
2.10.1 EGFR Family Member Inhibitors 45
2.10.2 Hedgehog, Wnt/ß-Catenin and Notch Signaling Inhibitors 45
2.10.3 Combination Therapies 46
2.10.4 High-dose Cancer Therapy Plus HSCs 47
2.11 Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTAs): A Novel Cancer Marker? 48
2.12 Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Post-Bone Marrow Transplantation for Hemato-Oncological Diseases 50
2.12.1 Methods for Detection of MRD 50
2.12.1.1 Nonmolecular Methods 50
2.12.1.2 Immunophenotyping 51
2.12.1.3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) 51
2.12.1.4 Southern Blotting for Detection of Clonal Genetic Markers 51
2.12.1.5 PCR for Detection of Clonal Genetic Markers 52
2.12.1.6 PCR of Minisatellite (VNTR) Sequences 52
2.12.1.7 PCR of Microsatellite Sequences 52
2.12.1.8 Y Chromosome-specific PCR 52
2.12.1.9 PCR-Amelogenin: Improved Single-step PCR Assay for Gender Identification 53
2.12.1.10 Quantitative PCR 53
2.12.1.11 Two-color Fluorescence In situ Hybridization (FISH): BCR/ABL Fusion Gene Detection 53
2.12.1.12 FISH in Sex-Mismatch Transplantation 54
2.13 Clinical Implications of Minimal Residual Disease 54
2.13.1 Upfront Transplantation Decision Based on MRD Findings 54
2.13.2 Prediction of Relapse Post-BMT 55
2.13.3 Adoptive Immunotherapy for CML Patients Relapsing after BMT 55
2.13.4 Mixed Allogeneic Chimerism as an Approach to Transplantation Tolerance 56
2.13.5 BMT in Thalassemia and SAA and Detection of MRD 56
2.13.6 Organ Transplantation 57
2.14 Genetic Engineering of Tumor Cells 57
2.14.1 Hybridoma Process 57
2.14.2 Hollow-fiber Perfusion 58
2.14.3 Heat Shock Protein Technology 58
2.14.4 Stem Cells Used as Platforms in Anticancer Therapies 59
2.14.5 Stem Cell Transplantation in Cancer 61
2.14.6 Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation 63
2.14.7 Cellular Immunotherapy Ex vivo Mobilization of Immune Cells 63
2.14.8 Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation 64
2.14.9 Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation 65
2.14.10 Complications of Stem Cell Transplants in Cancer 66
2.14.11 Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant for Leukemia 67
2.14.12 MSC Transplantation in Cancer 67
2.14.13 hESC-derived NK Cells for Treatment of Cancer Long-term Results of HSC Transplantation 67
2.15 The Human Immune System 68
2.16 Cell Therapy Commercialization 70

3. Current Status of Cellular Therapies for Cancer 71
3.1 Introduction to the Cancer Vaccine Space 73
3.1.1 Tumor Cell Vaccines 73
3.1.2 Antigen Vaccines 74
3.1.3 DC Vaccines 74
3.1.3.1 Dendritic/Tumor Cell Fusion 75
3.1.3.2 Limitations of DC Vaccines for Cancer 75
3.1.3.3 The Future of Cell Therapy with DCs 76
3.1.4 Anti-Idiotype Vaccines 76
3.1.5 Vector-based Vaccines 77
3.1.6 Heat Shock Protein-based Vaccines 77
3.1.7 Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines 78
3.1.8 Lymphocyte-based Cancer Therapies 79
3.1.8.1 Adoptive Immunotherapy 79
3.1.8.2 Rescue of CD8+ T Cells for Use in Tumor Immunotherapy 79
3.1.8.3 Expansion of Antigen-specific CTLs 80
3.1.8.4 Genetically Targeted T Cells for Treating B Cell Malignancies 80
3.1.8.5 LAK Cell Therapy 81
3.1.8.6 Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) Therapy 81
3.2 Vaccines in Development 81
3.2.1 GVAX Immunotherapies (Cell Genesys) 81
3.2.2 Oncophage (Antigenics) 81
3.2.3 Provenge (P-11) (Dendreon) 82
3.2.4 Sipuleucel-T (Dendreon) 82
3.2.5 DCVax® (Northwest Biotherapeutics) 82
3.2.6 Stimuvax® (EMD Pharmaceuticals) 82
3.2.7 JuvImmune™ (Juvaris BioTherapeutics) 83
3.2.8 Allovectin-7® (Vical) 83
3.2.9 BiovaxID (Biovest) 83
3.2.10 BLP25 Liposome Vaccine (Merck & Co.) 84
3.2.11 Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline) 84
3.2.12 Collidem® DC Vaccine (IDM Pharma) 84
3.2.13 EP-2101 Lung Cancer Vaccine (IDM Pharma) 84
3.2.14 FavId (Favrille) 85
3.3 Clinical Trials Pipeline for Various Types of Cellular Therapy for Cancer 90
3.4 Cancer Therapy Based on Natural Killer Cells 177
3.5 Cancer Stem Cells 178
3.6 ESC Vaccine for Prevention of Lung Cancer 179
3.7 Cell-based Therapies for Malignant Brain Tumors 179
3.7.1 DC Therapy for Brain Tumors 179
3.7.2 Targeting Stem Cells in Brain Tumors 179
3.7.3 Conclusions 180
3.8 Vaccine for Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 180
3.8.1 Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 180
3.8.2 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment 181
3.8.3 Development of Patient-specific Vaccine for NHL 181
3.8.4 BiovaxID Active Immunotherapy 182
3.8.5 BiovaxID Treatment and Production Process 182
3.8.6 FavId 183
3.8.7 MyVax 183
3.8.8 Sector Competition 183
3.9 Bone Marrow Transplants 184
3.10 The Market Opportunity for the Use of Stem Cells in the Cancer Therapy Marketplace 184

4. Tumor Antigens, Cancer Vaccines and Cellular Therapy 187
4.1 Scope of this Chapter 187
4.2 Tumor Antigens and Classes 187
4.3 Classes of Cancer Vaccines Based on Tumor Antigens 188
4.3.1 Antigen/Adjuvant Vaccines 188
4.3.2 Whole Cell Tumor Vaccines 188
4.3.3 DC Vaccines 188
4.3.4 Viral Vectors and DNA Vaccines 188
4.3.5 Idiotype Vaccines 188
4.4 Antigens that are Commonly Found in Cancer Vaccines under Investigation Today 188
4.4.1 Treatment Vaccines 188
4.4.2 Prevention Vaccines 189
4.5 Cancer Vaccines that have Reached Phase III Trials 190
4.6 Selected Companies in the Tumor Antigens and Vaccines Space with Novel Technology Platforms 193
4.6.1 Antigenics 193
4.6.2 AlphaVax 193
4.6.3 Argonex 193
4.6.4 Bavarian Nordic 193
4.6.5 Biomira 193
4.6.6 CancerVax Corp. (Micromet, Inc.) 194
4.6.7 Corixa (Acquired by GlaxoSmithKline) 194
4.6.8 CTL Immunotherapies

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